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There are many reasons for speaking in public. A public speaker may hope to teach an audience about new ideas, for example, or provide information about some topic. Creating a good feeling or entertaining an audience may be another purpose. Public speakers, however, most often seek to persuade an audience to adopt new opinions, to take certain actions, or to see the world in a new way.
Public speakers usually know well in advance when they are scheduled to make an address. Consequently, they are able to prepare their message before they deliver it. Sometimes, though, speakers must deliver the message unprepared, or off the cuff, such as when they are asked to offer a toast at a wedding reception or to participate in a televised debate or interview.
When they do not have to speak unpreparedly, most speakers write their own speeches. Politicians and business executives sometimes employ professional writers who prepare their speeches for them. These professional writers may work alone or in small teams. Although the speaker may have some input into the contents of the speech, the writers sometimes have a great influence over the opinions expressed by their employers. Regardless of how a speech is prepared, the person who delivers it is given credit for its effect upon its hearers.
Public speaking is well known to the average people because ______.
A．most of them have been trained as public speakers
B．such activities is prevalent in the society
C．most of them have to do it when they study at college
D．the passage does not mention the reason
（1）According to the article, it was the two characters Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn thatmade Mark Twain known by the world.
（2）We can learn from the article that before his first speech, Twain felt worried.
（3）According to the article, Twain' s speeches were amusing and popular.
（4）According to the article, Twain' s book The Innocents Abroad is mainly about his speechtours around the world.
（5）According to the article, Twain didn' t stop giving publlic speeches, because he was highly paid.
The ancient Greeks developed basic memory systems called Mnemonics. The name is(1)from their Goddess of Memory, Mnemosene. In the ancient world, a trained memory was an(2)asset, particularly in public life. There were no(3)devices for taking notes and early Greek orators (演说家) delivered long speeches with great(4)because they learned the speeches using Mnemonic systems.
The Greeks discovered that human memory is(5)an associative process—that it works by linking things together. For example, think of an apple. The(6)your brain registers the word "apple", it(7)the shape, colour, taste, smell and(8)of that fruit. All these things are associated in your memory with the word "apple".
(9). An example could be when you think about a lecture you have had. This could trigger a memory about what you were talking about through that lecture, which can then trigger another memory.
(10). An example given on a website I was looking at follows: Do you remember the shape of Austria, Canada, Belgium or Germany？ Probably not. What about Italy, though？(11)You made an association with something already known, the shape of a boot, and Italy's shape could not be forgotten once you had made the association.
A great deal of the【43】and the listening that occurs【44】casual circumstances may seem to be【45】, in the sense that the discourse is relaxed, relatively formless, and expressive of strong and intimate feelings.【46】, such speaking and listening are highly valued. Normal individuals dread being deprived【47】companionship. If required to be【48】for a time, they may mm on the【49】or television, not to learn something,【50】not even to be entertained,【51】to feel the sociability of hearing human speech. The【52】purpose of much speech (including most【53】and many public speeches) is to knit together【54】closely and more pleasantly the ties of【55】.
(56)
A．dividing
B．ranging
C．gathering
D．arranging
One day, at a railway station, one of his friends lost his wallet and asked Mark Twain to pay the train fare for him.
"Sorry, I don't have enough money to pay both your fare and mine." Mark Twain said The friend did not know what to do.
"We can do this. "Mark Twain said after a while, "You can get on the train and when the conductor comes to check the tickets, you can hide under my seat."
Later, however, when the conductor came to check the tickets, Mark Twain gave him two tickets--one for his friend and the other for himself. Then he explained in a loud voice, "My friend here is a strange man. When he travels in the train, he does not like to set on the seat. He prefers to lie on the floor under the seat. "Of course, everyone in the compartment (车厢)looked at the poor man under the seat mid laughed at him loudly.
This passage is about ______.
A．why Mark Twain refused to buy a ticket for his friend
B．how Mark Twain and his friend traveled on the train
C．how Mark Twain's friend lost his wallet
D．a joke Mark Twain played on one of his friends
Benjamin Franklin famously founded (创建) America’s first lending library in 1731. But the public library system got its biggest development in the American history in the late 1800’s. Businessman Andrew Carnegie donated millions of dollars to help build free public libraries across the country. Between 1886 and 1919, Carnegie’s donations helped build 1,679 new libraries.
Carnegie believed that libraries could offer the chances to Americans, young and old. He knew that the more libraries there were, the more people would have opportunities to read and use books, speeches and news.
If you can easily find a public library in your community(社区), you’ll get more chances. After all, the United States has 9,225 public libraries. Today, libraries keep growing. Seven tenths of the libraries have free Internet. It provides much more information and opportunities to ask for jobs online.
Libraries are also teaching kids about the fun of reading. The new program Read! Build! Play! adds reading into playtime. As kids listen to a book that is being read aloud, they use Legos (乐高积木) to build images(图像) from the story happily. Today’s libraries are always looking for creative programs to bring people into the library.
Benjamin Franklin once said, “The doors of wisdom(智慧) are never shut.” As long as the doors of public libraries are open, what he said is most certainly correct!
(1)Benjamin Franklin founded the first lending library in ().
A.1731 B.1800 C.1886 D.1919
(2)How many public libraries have free Internet now？
A.2767. B.6458. C.9225. D.1679.
(3)The right order of the following statements is () .
①The public library system in America developed fast.
②The first lending library was founded.
③ Libraries provide information and chances to ask for job online.
④ Libraries try to bring people into the library by using creative programs.
A.②①③④ B.②③④① C.③④①② D.①②③④
(4)The last paragraph mainly tells us().
A.libraries have played an important role in Americans’ education
B.public libraries in the US should never close the doors
C.the writer doesn’t agree with Benjamin Franklin
D.libraries help people to open the doors of wisdom
(5)The best title for the passage is().
A.the libraries in the world
B.libraries and opportunities
C.libraries teach kids to read and learn
D.the development of the American libraries
Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of falling in the most public of ways.
While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. When I met the British comedian Julian Clary, he was shy and cautious, yet his TV performances are perfect.
In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.
Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written scripts to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.
Likewise, the incredibly perfect speeches of many American academics are far from natural. You may end up buying their book on the way out, but soon afterwards, it is much like fast food, and you get a nameless sense that you've been cheated.
Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana's funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally. A script. rarely works and it is used to help most speakers. But, being yourself doesn't work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.
I remember going to see British psychiatrist R. D. Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.
The best psychological place from which to speak is an unself-conscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of "flow", as psychologists call it, is very satisfying.
Women hate public speaking most mainly because of ________.
A．their upbringing very early on
B．their inability to appeal to the audience
C．their sense of greater public pressure
D．their sense of greater humiliation
Most people have plenty of insecurities, and this seems like a situation that will bring them out. If parents, teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child, you fear a repeat. If you were under pressure to be perfect, you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.
While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal, it does not mean they will necessarily do it better. Some very shy people manage to shine. In fact, personality is not the best predictor of who does it well. Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.
Actual acting, as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job. While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from, there is always a hidden awareness among the audience that the words might not be true.
Although, as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana's funeral, it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally. In script. rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people. But, being yourself doesn't work either. If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen, it would be too authentic, too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.
I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public. He behaved like a seriously odd person, talking off the top of his head. Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness, he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.
The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness, providing the illusion of being natural. Studies suggest that this state of "flow", as psychologists call it, is very satisfying. Whether in normal life or making speeches, the key is to remind yourself that, contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied, your best is good enough. In the zone, a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth, play is possible.
For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is ______.
A．looking foolish
B．failing in words
C．not attracting attention
D．appearing pressurized
A.having known
B.knowing
C.being known
D.known
A.Clauses
B.descriptive words
C.direct speeches
D.ndirect speeches
